Separation Exists Between Society And The Penal System

Separation exists between society and the penal system, and due to this, there is a grave lack of knowledge of what is happening behind bars and how we can improve the situation we have currently in regards to the prison system. There are major flaws that exist within the penal system, and Angela Davis highlighted the main one of secrecy. We know based off of research that our prison population commonly consists of individuals who struggle academically (Petersilia, 2003, pg 32). Because of this lack of a strong education, they may not possess basic skills like reading, with about 20 % performing at an illiterate level within state facilities (Petersilia, 2003, pg 32), which prisons are not going around glorifying. Another sort of hidden and degrading factor that Davis does not directly mention is the use of solitary confinement. We learned from Maggie’s presentation the harmful mental health effects on those whom are placed in solitary confinement (December 1, presentations). While in solitary confinement, inmates are hidden away in â€Å"a place of punishment within a place of punishment† (Conover, 2001, pg 126), while being degraded with neither little to no time outside, nor any human interaction (Conover, 2001, pg 127). It’s disturbing that it was not intended as a form of punishment, yet is used as one now (October 22, film). During the History of Prisons film we watched, they explained the use of solitary confinement for reflection purposes (October 22, film). There hasShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment As A Period Of Time During The Eighteenth Century860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of rational change. They believed the concept of reasoning could be applied in situations other than scientific in nature enabling them to learn more about religion, society, and politics making for an overall improved society. Ideas were also shared through Skepticism, a belief that certainty did not exist. They believe that in order to be certain, there had to be proof, nothing could be accepted on faith alone. Scottish philosopher, David Hume, used Skepticism to share his viewsRead MoreThe Relationship Between African American And The American Penal System3653 Words   |  15 Pages 1 Columbia Correctional Institution RACIAL DISPARITY IN AMERICAS PENAL SYSTEM 2 Abstract This paper researched the disproportion between African American males and the American penal system. The research addressed the three components that comprise the American Justice System. Those components identified were; the police, who enforce specific laws, investigate crimes and arrest or detain people injunction, seek inductionsRead MoreThe Trauma of Childhood Sexual Abuse Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesAn estimated 39 million survivors of childhood sexual abuse exist in America today (Darness2Light, 2009a ). This figure continues to grow daily as perpetrators of this crime continue in this destructive path. The definition of child sexual abuse is the force, coercion, or cajoling of children into sexual activities by a dominant adult or adolescent. Sexual abuse of children includes touching (physical) sexually including: fondling; penetration (vaginal or anal using fingers, foreign objects orRead MoreMichel Foucault s Theory Of Discipline And Punishment1225 Words   |  5 Pagesliving and the dead† (Foucault 182). Foucault also believes that the Panopticon developed from the practice of separating and excluding lepers from the rest of society. â€Å"Caught up in a practice of rejection, of exile-enclosure; he was left to his doom in a mass† (Foucault 183). Separated from society, but not segmented within that separation, lepers often formed colonies on the outskirts of civilization where they moved around freely among themselves. 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RESPICIO To the builders of this nightmare Though you may never get to read these words I pity you; For the cruelty of your minds have designed the bel!; If mens buildings are a reflection of what they are, this one portraits tbe ugliness of all humanity. If you only had some compassion! -grafitti written 011 the wall of American State Prison I. INTROD UCTION A system is said to be effectiveRead MoreHow Domestic Violence Affects Children As Well As The Mental Health Of Its Victims1744 Words   |  7 Pageswomen who were raped or suffered violence in there homes had no formal place or safe haven to go to get help or support. Shelters and services for victims of domestic violence did not exist and there was little, if any, response from criminal or civil courts, law enforcement, hospitals, and social service agencies. Society and its formal institutions viewed domestic violence as a private matter. (Bragg, 2003) As awareness and recognition of this problem grew, groups of women organized an advocacy movement

A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O´connor and the...

Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† and a movie called â€Å"No Country for Old Men† have striking similarities as far as their portrayal of fate working in the lives in humans. They illustrate how the present and the future is left up to chance and is directly correlated with past actions. Both the short story and the movie portray the inevitability of fate to naturally dictate the outcome of people’s lives. Fate is one of the dominant themes in â€Å"No Country for Old Men.† Anton Chigurh, the ruthless killer in the story, would sometimes haphazardly kill people. At other times, he would propose that a potential victim call a coin toss which would ultimately decide whether they live or die. When Chigurh would murder people without a coin toss, they were often in the wrong place at the wrong time. However, it wasn’t completely up to chance, but fate. It’s the idea that every action and every decisi on a person makes will inevitably dictate their future. Chigurh didn’t feel accountable for anyone’s death because perhaps all of his victims’ decisions in life led up to their moment of death and that things were just meant to be that way. For example, he killed a man on the side of the road so that he could take his car. Chigurh also killed all three of the men who happened to be in the motel room he thought Llewellyn Moss would be in. It is by fate that the man was on the same road as Chigurh at the same time. It is also by fate that those three men got the sameShow MoreRelatedA good man is hard to find2745 Words   |  11 Pages#1 A Closer Look Into â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† By James ENC-1102 The short story I chose for my critical essay is a story that caught my attention with a gentle and inspiring title and as I began to turn pages it suddenly evolved into a theme that caught me off guard and I quickly became intrigued by elusive style of writing the author used to express this story in a unique form of literature. After reading Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, I will discuss the vivid

Shattering Familiar Walls free essay sample

Shattering Familiar Walls â€Å"Ms. Ashley I want to be in your group!† the statement that excited eight year old Skye had no idea changed my life, as we boarded the bus Friday. It was the big summer trip to the Georgia Aquarium, and I had fallen victim to about fifty hyperactive â€Å"Hannah Montanas† and â€Å"Batmans.† Although I was not new to chaperoning field trips, riding on a school bus for three hours was a first. Surrounded by Game Boys, mp3 players, and fifty totally different personalities -I sat down with the loudest gang on the bus, the seven and eight year olds. Having already built a relationship with most of the kids eased the ride, but today a new kid, Skye, joined the rowdiness. Since my transition to public school in fifth grade, I’ve stood in an empty room of quiet walls. Standing in this room I could withdraw from everything and no one notice. We will write a custom essay sample on Shattering Familiar Walls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the outside everything seemed perfect but inside I was longing for someone to pop the cap on my life. Skye was this someone. Skye was one of the kids that was often labeled as the problem child, notorious for finding his way into trouble. Whether it was about whose game was the best or who ran the fastest, Skye had to win. If all the kids followed me, he would be the one to oppose. I hated it, but he pulled me out of my comfort zone without even knowing it. I realized that my defining moment was created. Although he drifted the group away from me with his childish nature, his leadership astounded me. Everything he did, pulled, and eventually dragged me out of my lifelong corner. Skye led the seven and eight year olds to drive me crazy that Friday, but one simple statement, â€Å"Ms Ashley I want to be in your group,† turned the trip from a disaster to a dream come true. This trip to the Aquarium became the best day of my life. Now I stand today, someone who is not afraid to be a leader or voice the opinions that have laid dormant within me for years, and Skye is the reason.

The Impact of Medical Biotechnology on Society Vaccines

The improvement of the people’s quality of life is the main purpose of the world health organisations and institutions. Biomedical scientists along with doctors and authorities work to make the nations healthier.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Medical Biotechnology on Society: Vaccines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many products of the biotechnological research contribute to the improvement of the people’s health and increase of the life expectancy. Vaccines as the products of biotechnology are widely used today in medicine to predict a lot of severe diseases along with eliminating the diseases’ spread round the world. The specifics of vaccines’ effects are based on the increase of the people’s immunity. From this point, vaccines can guarantee the prolonged effect and protect from infections and diseases’ development completely. Vaccines are important fo r the development of the healthy society in developed and developing countries because they help people predict and overcome severe and deadly diseases. Vaccines are specific mixtures which contain weakened or killed bacteria or viruses, or parts of viruses depending on the type of a vaccine. Vaccines are developed to imitate the infection and stimulate the organism to produce specific antibodies which can fight this or that virus. When the organism overcomes the virus from the vaccine, the immune system develops the immunity against this type of viruses (Rappuoli et al. 2011). As a result, the person’s body can successfully fight the further infections associated with the definite disease. In spite of the fact the principle of a vaccine’s work is rather simple, there are a lot of debates on the effectiveness and safety of vaccines. That is why, it is significant to pay attention to the role, importance, and potentials of using vaccines in medicine. Focusing on the imp act of vaccines on the individual health, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that vaccines are more effective than any other types of medical prevention and treatment of diseases. The human organism develops his own immune system to protect the body from infections. That is why, vaccines are important to help people overcome the severe diseases without being infected. Moreover, the stimulation of the immunity contributes to the whole improvement of the people’s health. The developed immunisation schedule provides people with the opportunity to protect people from the majority of infectious diseases, contributing also to decreasing the costs associated with treatment (Schuchat 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of vaccination in coping with viruses and bacteria from which suffered the previous generations cannot be overestimated. Nevertheless, it is also important to concentrate on the larger scope of vaccines’ effects on the global population’s health. Vaccination is the necessary measure to avoid a lot of infections spread in developing countries. From this perspective, vaccination is effective to reduce the rate of severe and incurable diseases not only in developed countries but also round the globe. The focus on vaccination helped reduce the rates of infectious diseases in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Some severe diseases which caused thousands of deaths decades ago can be discussed as preventive today because of the possibilities provided by the development of biotechnology (Lin et al. 2010). Today, vaccination can be discussed as the only preventive measure which can help people cope with the spread of such diseases as hepatitis B, varicella, yellow fever, typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, and rabies. That is why, immunisation programmes supported by authorities and social organisations are the first ste p to increasing the quality of the people’s life globally. Asia, Africa, and Latin America remain to be discussed as regions where the risks of infections are the highest. To eliminate the diseases’ rates and to cope with the problem not only at the local level but also at the global level, vaccination is chosen as the most effective measure. It is important to note that vaccination of the part of population can contribute to elimination of diseases among the whole community. The only challenge which can prevent the effective realisation of immunisation programs is the necessity of repeated vaccinations. The negative reaction of many people in relation to the effects of vaccination depends on expecting the immediate results when vaccination can be realised in several steps to guarantee the best effect (Rappuoli et al. 2011). However, the decrease in mortality in many developing countries should be explained with references to the positive effects of vaccination. From t his point, it is possible to contribute to the improvement of the global population’s health with the help of using vaccines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Medical Biotechnology on Society: Vaccines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Immunisation of adults and children in the developed countries help prevent millions of infections, severe consequences of diseases, premature deaths, and people’s hospitalisation (Schuchat 2011). The global immunisation programs are associated with demands of developing countries, but the majority of developed countries focus on vaccination as the measure to predict severe diseases and overcome the annually changed types of influenza infection. The main issue connected with immunisation programmes to predict influenza is the side effects and safety of vaccination. In their article, Black and the group of researchers discuss the possible effects of vaccin ation which are not associated with the cases of influenza diseases. The researchers state that side effects are observed, but the immunity of vaccinated people also improves (Black et al. 2009). Moreover, all the discussed side effects and syndromes are caused by the individual peculiarities of the people’s health conditions. The development of vaccination can not only change the characteristic features of the people’s life span but also facilitate the treatment of cancer and many chronic diseases of the infectious nature. According to Rappuoli and the group of researchers, the health of the further generations directly depends on the successes in the development of new vaccines (Rappuoli et al. 2011). Thus, today the vaccine to prevent tumours is developed, but it is possible to observe only starting stages of the process. Nevertheless, the development of biotechnology along with the focus on development of vaccines can provide people with hope that such agents and d iseases as tuberculo ­sis and HIV will be prevented with the help of vaccines in the future (Rappuoli et al. 2011). The future of medicine is closely associated with biotechnology because such products of biomedical sciences as vaccination are necessary to help people decrease the rates of mortality, eliminate severe and fatal diseases, and to improve the quality of the people’s life with references to increasing the life expectancy. Vaccines work to stimulate the human immunity. As a result, people can fight viruses and bacteria with the help of their own bodies’ powers developing the immunity against the definite type of viruses or bacteria. That is why, vaccination can be discussed as the real method to assist developing countries to cope with the consequences of poverty and insanitary conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Black, S, Eskola, J, Siegrist, C, Halsey, N 2009, â€Å"Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines†, Lancet, vol. 374 no. 97, 2115-2122. Lin, C, Nowalk, M, Toback, S, Rousculp, M 2010, â€Å"Importance of vaccination habit and vaccine choice†, Vaccine, vol. 28 no. 10, 7706-7712. Rappuoli, R, Mandl, C, Black, S, Gregorio, E 2011, â€Å"Vaccines for the twenty-first century society†, Nature Reviews Immunology , vol. 4 no. 1, 1-8. Schuchat, A 2011, â€Å"Human vaccines and their importance to public health†, Procedia in Vaccinology, vol. 5 no. 1, 120–126. This essay on The Impact of Medical Biotechnology on Society: Vaccines was written and submitted by user Jordan Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Essay Example

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Paper It has been rare in American history for presidents and vice-presidents non to acquire along. but it has happened on a few occasions: Adams and Jefferson. Kennedy and Johnson. and Eisenhower and Nixon are a few illustrations ( Jackson vs. Calhoun-Part 1 1 ) . However. the most controversial relationship between president and his helper was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their dissensions began really early on in Jackson’s disposal. and lasted until after the declaration of the Nullification Crisis. Nullification is the refusal of a province to acknowledge a federal jurisprudence within its boundaries and deem that jurisprudence unconstitutional. In this instance. South Carolina. led by John C. Calhoun. refused to acknowledge the protective duties in 1828. and 1832. stating that they benefited the North and injured the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At this point in clip. the American system of authorities was reasonably new and the battle between province and federal power was in full swing. Towards the terminal of the crisis. Calhoun went so far as to endanger to splinter from the Union to demo Jackson and the remainder of America that single province authoritiess were so powerful. When the wrangle had reached its extremum. Jackson had had plenty and decided it was clip to set an terminal to the crisis. The actions and determinations made by President Andrew Jackson in respects to John C. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis non merely enabled the Union to stay together. but proved the power of the federal authorities. Before reexamining Jackson’s actions during the Nullification Crisis it is of import to understand where the dissensions between the two work forces originated. In 1829. merely shortly before Jackson was inaugurated. John Eaton. a friend and shortly to be secretary of war under Jackson. married the widow and non-reputable Peggy O’Neale Timberlake. Because Timberlake was now the married woman of a adult male in office. the other adult females would hold to accept her as an equal. which they were non happy about. Jackson. nevertheless. refused to believe that the adult females were justified in their behaviour. for he considered Peggy to be â€Å"chaste as a virgin† ( Barzman 56 ) . After Jackson ordered the married womans of all of his associates to see Mrs. Eaton as a societal equal. they all complied except for one ; Floride Calhoun. the married woman of John C. Calhoun. Calhoun subsequently claimed to Jackson he could non ( or would non ) change the head of his strong willed married woman. This enraged the freshly elected President and began the disruptive nature of the two men’s relationship. The chief facet which fueled their hapless relationship was their differences in political sentiments. Although both work forces were from similar parts of the state and both were dedicated to the public assistance of their place provinces. they disagreed on one really of import country. Jackson was a patriot. who believed strongly in continuing the Union and puting federal power over that of the single provinces. Calhoun. on the other manus. was precisely the antonym. Although anterior to 1830. he had been a patriot. Calhoun was now an utmost states’ rights advocator ( Barzman 56 ) . This colossal difference in political doctrine set the scene for the most of import statement between president and vice-president and foreshadows Calhoun’s programs for South Carolina. Calhoun had been garnering his information and explicating his thoughts for the hereafter of South Carolina for rather some clip. waiting for the perfect chance to uncover his maestro program. He wanted to declare nullification because his place province of South Carolina was economically down. fearful about the hereafter of bondage. and thought the new duties supported the North at the disbursal of the South ( The Nullification 1 ) . Jackson had an thought that Calhoun was be aftering something extremist so at the Jefferson Day Dinner on April 30. 1830. he stated that â€Å"Our Union–it must be preserved† . To this Calhoun replied. â€Å"The Union. Next to our autonomies. most dear† ( Barzman 58 ) . After publically declaring his dedication to South Carolina before the Union. Calhoun resigned the vice-presidential term and served in the South Carolina Senate. Less than two old ages subsequently. on April 24. 1832. Calhoun sent the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification to Jackson. in which he declared. â€Å"The people of the province of South Carolina declare the responsibilities imposed by said Acts of the Apostless. and all judicial proceedings which shall be afterlife had in affirmance thereof. are and shall be void and null. We do farther declare that we will non subject to the application of force on the portion of the Federal Government† ( Hamilton 1 ) . Jackson. appalled by this direct menace to the Union and the Federal Government. was determined to set Calhoun in his topographic point and make anything he could to continue the Union. Although Calhoun had stated in his Regulation that South Carolina would non react to any forceful Acts of the Apostless by the authorities to try to acquire Calhoun to endorse down. Jackson found a manner to outwit his opposition. Jackson had congress base on balls a measure in 1833. â€Å"which allowed him to utilize soldiers to implement the duty measures† ( Nullification Crisis 1 ) . After the Force Bill was passed. Jackson sent several war vessels and 100s of soldiers to Charleston to implement the Torahs of the authorities. Some people argue that what Jackson did was incorrectly because based on the fundamental law. Calhoun had the right to declare Nullification for South Carolina. However. what Jackson did was besides constitutional and enabled the United States of America to stay as one. Had Jackson non passed the Force Bill instantly after South Carolina’s Ordinance was received. Calhoun’s strategy may hold succeeded and South Carolina would hold seceded from the Union. turn outing that the Federal Government truly did non hold any power over that of the single province. After the footings of the Force Bill were set into topographic point. Calhoun began to recognize the problem he had gotten himself into and wanted to happen a dignified manner to deliver himself and his place province. At first Calhoun attempted to happen other provinces willing to back up and fall in his cause. but no other Southern provinces seemed to hold with his theory of nullification. In order to decide the issue. Calhoun went to Henry Clay. the â€Å"Great Compromiser† . for aid. Towards the terminal of 1833. Clay was able to outline a via media which â€Å"pacified South Carolina while leting the Federal authorities to stand firm† ( The Nullification 2 ) . This dialogue bit by bit reduced the duties over a period of 10 old ages until they returned down to the degree which had existed in 1816. Jackson and Calhoun both signed the via media and the crisis ended without bloodshed. Many people argue that it was due to the negociating accomplishments of Henry Clay. non Jackson. which enabled the Union to stay in tact. However. had Jackson non passed the Force Bill ab initio. Calhoun neer would hold been pressured into seeking out Clay for aid. With the decision of the Nullification Crisis its significance to the growing of the American authorities became evident. By Jackson get the better ofing Calhoun. and basically get the better ofing the statement of states’ rights advocators. he accomplished two of import things. His first achievement was that he had â€Å"proved the power of the Federal Government to implement Torahs. even when provinces disagree with them† ( Jackson vs. Calhoun – Part 2 2 ) . This non merely gave the American people more assurance in the Federal Government. but made them get down to recognize that holding province authoritiess stronger than the Federal authorities would non be good to the state. Jackson’s 2nd achievement was that he enabled the Union to stay integral. He had postponed any bloodshed over the issue of states’ rights – but merely for 30 old ages. Had Calhoun’s wants been fulfilled. the Union may hold fallen apart and his place province of South Carolina would hold become a powerful autonomous district. The difference in political doctrine between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the root of their disruptive relationship. which began early on in their executive life together. The confrontational nature of their relationship led America into the Nullification Crisis during which Calhoun put the public assistance of his place province above that of the brotherhood. seeking to splinter and demo the power of province authorities. Jackson would non hold provinces overmastering the authorities. and passed the Force Bill leting him to utilize the Federal Army and Navy to acquire South Carolina to obey the Torahs the Federal Government had made. State Government and Calhoun lost their conflict and the Federal Government proved its powers. Although he was non able to wipe out the job of states’ rights. were it non for Jackson’s intelligent determinations during the Nullification Crisis. the United States may non hold existed. as a individual brotherhood. as it does today.

Philosophy of God

Philosophy of God Introduction The quest as to whether a good and benevolent God exists is a philosophical question inwhich both theists and atheists have invested greatly. For a theist, a good and benevolent God exists; a God absolutely committed to goodness and merciness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, atheist holds the position that evil experienced in the world is a clear indication that either this world is not the best to live or there is no such being as â€Å"good and benevolent god†. The aim of this paper therefore, is to show that, the presence of evil in the world does not in any way contradict the existence of a benevolent God. For atheists, evil is intrinsically opposed to absolute good. There is so much evil in the world! Therefore, there is no absolute good in the world. What this argument means is that, evil and absolute good cannot coexist a t the same time in the same manner. Therefore, it is rationally plausible that, either there is an absolute good in the world; hence God exists, or this world is not the best because evil is witnessed in it; thus God does not exist. And since it is incontestable, that there is evil in this world, therefore atheists conclude that God does not exist. If God exists, than he is not as good and benevolent as purported by theists, or God is either a sadist or incapable of controlling what he is alleged to have created. For atheists, this forms the fundamental argument against the existence of a good and benevolent God. Conversely, theists argue that this world is the best because it is created by a benevolent God. And evil experienced in the world is used by God to achieve some good. That God is so powerful that he can use any means whatsoever as long as some intended good is achieved. Therefore, the presence of evil in the world does not in any way whatsoever contradicts the existence of a benevolent God. Both arguments are logically conceivable, and both contestants can argue their case infinitely. However, atheists have raised a very strong logical objection as to whether God exists, and if he does is he good? They argue that the world is full of evil of all kind. For instance, parents who die in a road accident leaving behind a day old baby, or HIV virus that is claiming many lives. If there is God, then is he so careless as to just sit watching at all these evil happenings without even lifting a finger to evade them? The objection from atheists is very logical and convincing. This is because it is illogical to think that absolute good and evil can coexist. However, the case argued by theists is equally strong because if God is not limited by anything, then he may use what is perceived as evil to bring greater intended good. For example, if a man prays for his flight only to go to air port and find the plane has left, such a man sees evil but only when the plane crashes killing everyone, that man is able to see good.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theist position would be challenged with such questions as; who created evil? And whether God at the point of creation foresaw the imminent evil in the world, and if so why did he allow it? Despite of such heated debate, it is evident that there is so much good in the world as compared to evil. Therefore, a few cases of evil are not enough to conclude that God does not exist.

Financial Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Plan - Essay Example T $1,500 $125 $1,500 $125 Electricity $360 $30 $360 $30 Insurance $500 $42 $500 $42 Administrative Cost $900 $75 $900 $75 Depreciation $15,000 $1,250 $12,000 $1,000 Promotional and Marketing Cost $103,000 $8,583 $67,000 $5,583 TOTAL $206,260 $17,188 $293,260 $24,438 Based on above sales projection and cost estimation, total initial start up cost for the first operating year has been estimated at $627510 and this break ups for this initial cost is given below. Initial Start up Cost for first year of Operation TOTAL Capital Expenditure $328,250 Cost Of Goods Sold for the first Year $20,800 Fixed Overheads Expenses for First Year $206,260 Liquid Cash $72,200 Start Up Cost Total for the first years $627,510 Therefore, based on the above required initial cost for the business, the necessary capital will be obtained from the shareholders’ contributions and from the long and short term loans. The following table presents source and cost of different capitals. Source of Capital Invest ment Required For first years $627,510 Capital from Shareholders $313,755 Short Term Loan @ 8% $62,751 Capital From Long term Loan @ 10% $251,004 Income Statement After determining the estimated cost for the different activities like operations, manufacturing, development etc, the projected income statement can be prepared considering estimated sales. Monthly sales forecast has been estimated for the first two years, and the projected income statements have developed on monthly basis for the first years. The following table shows income statement for the first year. Income Statement for First Year    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Sales Units 40 45 50 53 60 70 75 77 80 90 92 100 832 Revenue $2,000 $2,250 $2,500 $2,650 3,000 $3,500 $3,750 $3,850 $4,000 $4,500 $4,600 $5,000... For preparing three major financial statements i.e. Income statement, cash flow and balance sheet necessary areas like sales projection, estimated cost, required capital and other investments needed to be determined properly. The following table depicts estimated cost for capital investment required for manufacturing unit and office equipments. Major capital investment includes software development cost for tablet PC and other machineries like computer and tools. For the offices, necessary furniture will also be required that will incur certain amount of cost. Besides, there will be certain fixed overhead that will be incurred in every month. The costs of necessary fixed overheads are given in the table for first two years. Therefore, based on the above required initial cost for the business, the necessary capital will be obtained from the shareholders’ contributions and from the long and short term loans. The following table presents source and cost of different capitals. Aft er determining the estimated cost for the different activities like operations, manufacturing, development etc, the projected income statement can be prepared considering estimated sales. Monthly sales forecast has been estimated for the first two years, and the projected income statements have developed on monthly basis for the first years. The following table shows income statement for the first year. In the first, year of operation, the sales will be expected to very low, and on the other hand, the fixed expenses will higher due to high promotional and marketing, and depreciations.